GTLD vs ccTLD: which one to choose?

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The main limitation of these types of approaches is the risk of incurring penalties from Google for just one version of the site , which could have negative repercussions on all the others, causing it to disappear from all SERPs - since it is a unique domain.

To facilitate comparison, here is how Google summarizes the main usages of car owner database advantages and limitations of the different structures in the Search Console Guide:


Comparison of different international website structures
Search Console Guide: Pros and Cons of Different Solutions for International Sites
Booking.com is an example of a site operated with a gTLD domain with so-called language parameters which is not recommended by Google itself as it complicates segmentation: users may not recognize geo-targeting from the URL , and it does not allow geo-targeting to be set in Search Console.

Localized Top Level Domain vs Generic Domain
Your starting point: How is your website performing and what is its possible position in the market you want to penetrate?

Companies that have a strong presence on the market, even offline, an already reasonably popular domain, and have resources for targeted promotional campaigns, can afford to try to position themselves with a dedicated localized domain , as Amazon, Ebay, Expedia, Zalando, and many others do.

On the other hand, if you have a gTLD that is already well positioned for some keywords of interest even abroad, without having carried out any type of optimization, why not exploit this authority?